The History of the Thermometer

Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in some way when they are heated or cooled. In a mercury or alcohol thermometer, the liquid expands as it is heated and contracts when it is cooled, so the length of the liquid column is longer or shorter depending on the temperature. Modern thermometers are calibrated in standard temperature units such as Fahrenheit (used in the United States) or Celsius (used in Canada), or Kelvin (used mostly by scientists). What is a Thermoscope? Before there was the thermometer, there was the earlier and closely related thermoscope, best described as a thermometer without a scale. A thermoscope only showed the differences in temperatures, for example, it could show something was getting hotter. However, the thermoscope did not measure all the data that a thermometer could, for example, an exact temperature in degrees. Early History Several inventors invented a version of the thermoscope at the same time. In 1593, Galileo Galilei invented a rudimentary water thermoscope, which for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured. Today, Galileos invention is called the Galileo Thermometer, even though by definition it was really a thermoscope. It was a container filled with bulbs of varying mass, each with a temperature marking, the buoyancy of water changes with temperature, some of the bulbs sink while others float, the lowest bulb indicated what temperature it was. In 1612, the Italian inventor Santorio Santorio became the first inventor to put a numerical scale on his thermoscope. It was perhaps the first crude clinical thermometer, as it was designed to be placed in a patients mouth for temperature taking. Neither Galileos nor Santorios instruments were very accurate. In 1654, the first enclosed liquid-in-a-glass thermometer was invented by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. The Duke used alcohol as his liquid. However, it was still inaccurate and used no standardized scale. Fahrenheit Scale: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit What can be considered the first modern thermometer, the mercury thermometer with a standardized scale, was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was the German physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer in 1709, and the mercury thermometer in 1714. In 1724, he introduced the standard temperature scale that bears his name—Fahrenheit Scale—that was used to record changes in temperature in an accurate fashion. The Fahrenheit scale divided the freezing and boiling points of water into 180 degrees. 32 °F was the freezing point of water and 212 °F was the boiling point of water. 0 °F was based on the temperature of an equal mixture of water, ice, and salt. Fahrenheit based his temperature scale on the temperature of the human body. Originally, the human body temperature was 100 ° F on the Fahrenheit scale, but it has since been adjusted to 98.6 °F. Centigrade Scale: Anders Celsius The Celsius temperature scale is also referred to as the centigrade scale. Centigrade means consisting of or divided into 100 degrees. In 1742, the Celsius scale was invented by Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius. The Celsius scale has 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 °C) and boiling point (100 °C) of pure water at sea level air pressure. The term Celsius was adopted in 1948 by an international conference on weights and measures. Kelvin Scale: Lord Kelvin Lord Kelvin took the whole process one step further with his invention of the Kelvin Scale in 1848. The Kelvin Scale measures the ultimate extremes of hot and cold. Kelvin developed the idea of absolute temperature, what is called the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and developed the dynamical theory of heat. In the 19th century, scientists were researching what was the lowest temperature possible. The Kelvin scale uses the same units as the Celcius scale, but it starts at Absolute Zero, the temperature at which everything including air freezes solid. Absolute zero is 0 K, which is equal to 273 °C degrees Celsius. When a thermometer was used to measure the temperature of a liquid or of air, the thermometer was kept in the liquid or air while a temperature reading was being taken. Obviously, when you take the temperature of the human body you cant do the same thing. The mercury thermometer was adapted so it could be taken out of the body to read the temperature. The clinical or medical thermometer was modified with a sharp bend in its tube that was narrower than the rest of the tube. This narrow bend kept the temperature reading in place after you removed the thermometer from the patient by creating a break in the mercury column. That is why you shake a mercury medical thermometer before and after you use it, to reconnect the mercury and get the thermometer to return to room temperature. Mouth Thermometers In 1612, the Italian inventor  Santorio Santorio  invented  the mouth thermometer  and perhaps the first crude clinical thermometer. However, it was both bulky, inaccurate, and took too long to get a reading. The first doctors to routinely take the temperature of their patients were: Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738), Gerard L.B. Van Swieten (1700–1772) founder of the Viennese School of Medicine, and Anton De Haen (1704–1776). These doctors found temperature correlated to the progress of an illness, however, few of their contemporaries agreed, and the thermometer was not widely used. First Practical Medical Thermometer English physician, Sir Thomas Allbutt (1836–1925) invented the first practical medical thermometer used for taking the  temperature  of a person in 1867. It was portable, 6 inches in length and able to record a patients temperature in 5 min. Ear Thermometer Pioneering  biodynamicist  and flight surgeon with the Luftwaffe during World War II, Theodore Hannes Benzinger invented the ear thermometer. David Phillips invented the infrared ear thermometer in 1984. Dr. Jacob Fraden, CEO of Advanced Monitors Corporation, invented the worlds  best-selling ear thermometer, the Thermoscan ® Human Ear Thermometer.

The Prevalence Of Physical And Sexual Violence Essay

LGBTQ populations, and those perceived as falling under such umbrellas, exist under the constant reality of surveleivence. This tools for this level of surveleivence is ingrained into the larger cultural consciousness via the hegemonic ideas that place women, sexual minorities, people of color, and those disadvantaged socioeconomically in positions of subjugation, while furthering the material conditions in which such people face a state sponsored violence that spreads socially, culturally, and transnationally. In the context of the United States, the lived experience of such maligned communities is in part defined through the reception of violence, interpersonally and impersonally, from the youngest of ages. This is a substantiated fear that continues through one’s lifetime, as punishment for deviant sexual or gendered relations, or the mere assumption of such endeavors, is a life sentence without parole. The prevalence of physical and sexual violence, which inextricably carr ies mental effects, is only worsened by existing under the unshakable identity of other factors, i.e. racial and economic identifiers, along with national identity and narratives of immigration or the necessity for travel due to displacement. Using data from the National Anti Violence Projects’ yearly reports on IPV, Intimate Partner Violence, and generalized Violence from the years 2010 and 2015, I plan on documenting a substantial period of time in which the lived reality of LGBT and HIV affectedShow MoreRelatedRape And Sexual Violence And Assault And Its Survivors Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature review with focus on rape and sexual violence/assault and its survivors. Extensive literature search was conducted on relevant concepts that include the definition of rape, sexual violence and assault, consequences of rape and sexual violence/assault, provision of health services. 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Multiculturalism in Leicester Free Essays

Out of all the cities in the UK Leicester is the most culturally diverse and it’s not ashamed to let it be known. It aims to support this mix of races into the area and much thought has been put into aiding the acceptance of immigrants into the city so they can mix with the white community and create an Asian mix. From the major start of immigration in the 1970’s it is now thought that Leicester has greater diversity in three blocks than anywhere else in Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Multiculturalism in Leicester or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is not just a mix of race but also of religion and specific religious groups tend to be drawn to each other. Muslims concentrate in the Spiney hill and Stoneygate areas, and Hindu’s are mainly in Latimer, Belgrave and Rushy Mead, these religions stay very close knit whereas the Sikhs are spread across the whole city. This could be seen as segregation for the Muslims and Hindu’s but infact outside of these concentrations they are present in large numbers throughout the city apart from Eyres Monsell where there are few immigrant populations. The local government instead of becoming intolerant of the immigrant influx have defined the mix of races and religion in the city as one of their defining features. They believe the multiculturalism widens the experience of living introducing new arts, music, architecture, fashion and food and therefore aim to support the community relations. Throughout the city religious places of worship have been built to help accommodate the new comers. Leicester plays a huge role in accommodating refugees and asylum seekers who come to the UK following persecution in other countries. The city also hosts many of the religious and foreign festivals such as Mardi Gras and Caribbean Carnival. After the problems in the past of certain individuals and communities suffering from abuse Leicester tries to make it clear how all minorities have things to contribute to the society. This has helped people mix much easier and continues to get closer to Leicester’s aim of a healthy and diverse city. It has been thought the whole of the UK was ‘sleepwalking into segregation’ whilst cities who were thought to be culturally diverse are instead becoming ghettos. Much of the data on the mix of races in Leicester and other cities is found through the census however this does not tell the whole story about the immigrants. In Leicester Asian immigration is much higher than African immigration. An important thing to take into account is that the majority of the people migrating to Leicester are double migrants having already migrated somewhere once before moving to the UK. This has helped them mix in much easier as they have already faced the same difficulties before and have experience dealing with the issues faced. An example of this is Asian families migrating to Africa, and then government oppression causing them to move to the UK. Many of the family leaders are business men or professionals however their qualifications count for nothing in this country and they have had to start businesses from scratch to make use of their skills and bring an income to the household. The Leicester Asian Business Association helps to create a platform for new Asian businesses and gives a place to raise concern and discuss support. The workforce employed by these asian business men is just as mixed as Leicester itself. Companies also offer no difference to service for different races instead treating them all equally. One of the main reasons that segregation usually occurs is that immigrants want a place close to their building of worship. This meant that when they moved to new cities they would have to move in with their own group of people so that they are near the facilities that they often want. To help spread the cultures Leicester brought in these places of worship across the city. Immigrants also want a sense of equal opportunity and although there was much intolerance to their mixing there were also groups of white people who wanted to offer them opportunities to fit in. One such example is that planning departments grant permission much easier to build their places of worship. Leaflets were also given to new arrivals in their native language to help them settle. Whereas the migrants have to adapt to their new circumstances the current population also has to relate to their presence. To help the bonds with these new migrant Leicester started letting candidates come forward from the minority communities for electoral positions. By 2002 Half of the Labour group had councillors from minority groups. A race relations committee was also made of which the leader was a Ugandan refugee. So as shown the mix of races in Leicester is huge and segregation is kept to a minimum. But perhaps most importantly and impressively the minorities have people representing them in government positions which is vital to their integration into the city. Without this representation and involvement in decisions and plans which will affect them mixing would be impossible and the immigrants would be forced into their own communities in which they would leave parallel lives. This is perhaps the key foundation that is needed for multiculturalism and some places like London should take hints from Leicester to make their own multiculturalism succeed. How to cite Multiculturalism in Leicester, Papers

Toxicology Occupational Health & Hygiene-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Toxicology Occupational Health and Hygiene. Answer: Introduction: Multinational companies often send employees abroad to introduce their products and services in new markets. This not only provides new opportunities to employees, but also exposes them to security and health related risk as a result of working in unfamiliar conditions. The need for global security in organization has risen because of business interruption and health and safety issues experienced by employees due to natural disasters and terrorism acts (Leggat and Zuckerman 2015). Hence, it is the legal and moral obligation of organization to safeguard workers, who travel overseas in addition to protecting physical asset of organization. However, the current issue is that many employers are sending employees abroad without evaluation of risk and consideration about critical resource for travelers. This endangers employee and exposes organization to legal consequences too (Many Firms Fail to Protect Workers Traveling, Living Abroad 2017). As a Health and Safety Manager for an organization with 1000 staff, the review of the organizational policies and procedures has revealed that the organization do not provide adequate protection to their employees who travel overseas. As staffs who travel worldwide for meeting and conference have diverse gender and travel experience, it is necessary they follow appropriate procedures of health and safety in international travel. Hence, this report provides evidence and discussion regarding the importance of following legislation for health and safety for overseas travel to protects employees and the steps that needs to be considered for putting appropriate procedure in place. Discussion on health and safety surrounding international travel: Legislation related to health and safety for employees going overseas for work From the legal perspective, it is important that organization consider the risk and workplace safety for employees going abroad for work. This is because the Singapore Duty of Care legislation imposes a duty of care on the employer towards their employees. This has come up from common laws such as Employment Act and Workplace Safety and Health Act (WHSA) that looks after employment and welfare issues of employees. The Duty of Care policy imposed a legal obligation for employers to take reasonable steps to ensure health and safety of employees who need to travel on work. The WSHA encompasses a liability regime on employers which is summarizes as follows: To proactively identify and eliminate risk and hazards at workplace. To maintain minimum health and safety standards at workplace To eliminate foreseeable risk to employees while on work related duties (The Singapore Employers Duty of Care on Workplace Safety Health when Employees Travel 2017). This legislation can also be applied for employees who travel overseas for work because definition of workplace in the Act means any premise where an employee is at work. Hence, this reasoning makes it clear that an employers responsibility towards employee extends beyond the primary work place. Therefore, as a Health and Safety Manager for an organization, it is the duty to ensure that employees travelling overseas are also adequately protected with safe and reasonable procedures. The action of little exposure of employees to risk might result in civil claims for the organization due to breach of legislative duty as an employer. Hence, to avoid criminal liability and avoid the need for compensating employees for risk according to the Work Injury Compensation Act, it is necessary to establish effective procedures for Health and Safety in relation to international travel (Hood et al. 2016). Identification of risk surrounding lack of protection of employee going overseas The above explanation on legal implications for employees presents the risk and legal liability for workers if they do not consider the health and safety of workers who travel abroad for work. However, it is most important to prevent risk to workers when they travel in unfamiliar countries. Some of the risk that a worker may get exposed without reasonable safety procedures in organizations includes the following: Health risk: Health risk is top most challenges and concern for employees travelling overseas. According to the CDC report, for every 1 lakh employees travelling abroad, about fifty thousand of them are experiencing some form of health issues. Another unfortunate finding is that only 10% of international business travelers received pre-travel health care. Employees are most likely to be exposed to outbreak of disease in host countries. This may include severe diseases like Hepatitis A, avian flu, Influenza virus, Ebola and Zika virus to common ailments such as gastric disorders. The risk may vary for individuals according to location of the country. Due to this cost, the cost spent on treatment and prevention of disease increases and the goal of international visit is defeated (CDC Traveler's Health 2017). Lack of awareness about culture priorities, local laws and language of the area: Serious communications issues and other consequences is also faced by workers when they are ignorant of foreign laws and cultural preference in the country. Lack of knowledge about appropriate dress or eating habits might trigger hostility in foreign country. Employees must also have basis knowledge about language and common gestures. If they are not trained in this area, they are bound to face many issues while on international visits. This might disrupt simple task of buying food to moving around in the city too (People Management Magazine Online 2017). Exposure to risk from crime, political instability and civil unrest and terrorism: Political unrest might be a serious hazard for workers travelling to unfamiliar countries. The exposure may be high when business operates in high risk locations. The level of difficulties for employees may range from travel disruptions to personal safety risk due to violence and conflicts. Apart from this, travelers might also be exposed to crimes and assaults, which might lead to compensatory implications for organization. Recently, terrorism has also started affecting travelers and workers (Smith 2014). Methods to put up procedure into place for safety of employees travelling abroad Considering the risk to employees and employers in the absence of appropriate procedure for management of international travel, it will be essential to establish a systematic procedure in the organization. A detailed and comprehensive plan will ensure well-being of employees during international visits and conference. Apart from the initial step of analyzing the risk in specific country of visit, monitoring workers while they travel globally will also be important. This is dependent not just on development of extensive plan, but also on arranging infrastructure to maintain safety of travelers. The success and compliance to duty of care will also depend on sharing the goal of safety and well-being for employees with HR professional and other stakeholders such as staffs involved in risk management and travel and security issues. This stepwise process indicate that the safety and health management of employees initiates when the culture of organization recognize the well-being of employ ee. This will ensure minimum standards of safety are maintained for all employees at work (Smith 2014). In accordance with the above plan of setting procedure for health and safety of workers travelling abroad, the systematic process that can be followed in the organization includes the following: Risk assessment: The first responsibility for organization will be to establish a documented process of identifies all categories of hazards for employees and accordingly implementing risk control for all those measures. This stage will require the contribution of work health and safety professionals and middle manager with expertise on international travel management. They will play the key role in preparing backup plan and controls for mitigating the risk. Other responsibilities of this staff will include preparing hazard checklist and manuals for employees going to particular countries and distributing them to employees scheduled for a visit in particular location (Leder et al. 2015). The responsibility will not end after the workers have gone, tracking employees while they are overseas will also be important. Infrastructure support will be needed for this endeavor and investment in database tracking system give help to collect information, send, and receive hazards alerts. In add ition, to maximize protection and communication with employees while they are working abroad, employers can also set up a 24 hour helpline for guidance on required action during unanticipated events (Harvey 2013). Strategies to eliminate risk to employees before going on foreign visits: To prevent the risk of contracting disease among employees while on international tour, it will be necessary for the organization to ensure that employees trained and prepared adequately before travelling. This training will give information to employees about general weather, local laws and policies and procedures of the visiting organization (Costa et al., 2015). Secondly, all arrangements will be made to provide access to medical support and adequate health care for them while travelling. The Health and Safety Manager of the organization will also have the responsibility to implement preventive measures in organization before travelling. This will include providing first aid kits and health cared to employees and arranging immunization or vaccination programs in the organization. This systematic method of immunization and health related safety of workers will be achieved by collaboration with international h ealth care providers abroad so that workers do not face difficulty in seeking medical service abroad (Harvey 2013). To address the issue of risk to employees from violence and political unrest in foreign countries, organizations can prepare for it beforehand. This starts from the initial process of assessing potential risk in business locations that employees are scheduled to visit and comparing them with the profile of the employee. This is important because an employee who has visited the same country for business purpose before may be conversant with the local norms and process to control risk, however a novice may not be conversant with the way to deal with it (Mkel et al. 2015). Therefore, it should be made a priority to provide all necessary information and security related advice to employees for living in a foreign country and making them aware of ways to avoid risk. If a company has enough financial resource, they must also provide housing with adequate security support. Another precaution that employees should take is that they must not carry things of monetary values with them during ov erseas visit (Mkel et al. 2015). Tracking and assisting employees while they are on international visit: Business organizations sending their employees abroad must establish a systematic process in place for tracking and assisting employees to monitor and communicate at any time. Tracking systems enable constant monitoring of employees during travels. A travel app on employees personal device might also help to monitor risk (Brown 2017). However, one ethical that might arise with this system is that many employees disregard them as they invade their privacy. However, this step can be eliminated if employees understand their responsibility too and comply with all the organizational procedure during travel and checking in with headquarters. Conclusion: The report presented the legal obligations of employers according to the Duty of Care to protect employees who travel internationally for work. According to this legal framework laid down by the Employment Act and WHSA Act, it has become a legal and moral obligation to provide health and safety to employees even when they are abroad. This is also necessary because unfamiliar environment in foreign countries and lack of knowledge regarding local norms and law exposes employee to many risk. Some of the risk discussed in the report includes health risk, security related risk from political unrest and violence in foreign countries and hostility issues due to language and cultural difference. As health organization with 1000 employees lacked the process to protect employees going on international visit, the report presented a stepwise systematic procedure to implement Health and Safety process surrounding international travel in organization. This initiates from the risk assessment proces s to elimination of risk before by means of training and guidance followed by tracking employees when they have left for the foreign country. The above mentioned plan is just a structural framework according to which an organization can set up procedure for Health and Safety, however it is recommended to change the duty of care programs according to location of travel, place of work, types of employees and organizational culture. Reference Brown, T., Anthony, J.J., Chalfant, S., Gingrave, M. and Vines, B., Hartford Fire Insurance Company, 2017.Safety evaluation and feedback system and method. U.S. Patent 9,563,919. CDC Traveler's Health. 2017. Cdcfoundation.org. [online] Available at: https://www.cdcfoundation.org/businesspulse/travelers-health-infographic [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013.CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. Oxford University Press. Costa, M., Oberholzer-Riss, M., Hatz, C., Steffen, R., Puhan, M. and Schlagenhauf, P., 2015. Pre-travel health advice guidelines for humanitarian workers: A systematic review.Travel medicine and infectious disease,13(6), pp.449-465. Harvey, B. 2013, "Safety While Working Abroad",Professional Safety,vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 20. Hood, J., Hardy Jr, B. and Simpson, L., 2016.Workers' compensation and employee protection laws in a nutshell. West Academic. Leder, K., Steffen, R., Cramer, J.P. and Greenaway, C., 2015. Risk assessment in Travel medicine: how to obtain, interpret, and use risk data for informing pre?travel advice.Journal of travel medicine,22(1), pp.13-20. Leggat, P.A. and Zuckerman, J.N., 2015. Pre?travel health risk assessment. InEssential Travel Medicine(pp. 23-34). John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Mkel, L., De Cieri, H. and Mockaitis, A., 2015. International Business Traveler, Is Work Always on Your Mind? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Sources of Social Support and Satisfaction with Work-Related International Travel: The Moderating Role of Over-Commitment. InWork and Family Interface in the International Career Context(pp. 181-195). Springer International Publishing. Mkel, L., Kinnunen, U. and Suutari, V., 2015. Work?To?Life Conflict and Enrichment Among International Business Travelers: The Role of International Career Orientation.Human Resource Management,54(3), pp.517-531. Many Firms Fail to Protect Workers Traveling, Living Abroad. 2017.SHRM. Retrieved 14 June 2017, from https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/risk-management/pages/protect-expat-workers-overseas.aspx Smith, E.N., 2014.Workplace Security Essentials: A Guide for Helping Organizations Create Safe Work Environments. Elsevier. The Singapore Employers Duty of Care on Workplace Safety Health when Employees Travel. 2017. [online] www.internationalosfoundation.org. Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Singapore%20Employers%20Duty%20Of%20Care%20%20a%20summary.pdf [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017]. Top five risks for employees travelling overseas - People Management Magazine Online. 2017. Www2.cipd.co.uk. [online] Available at: https://www2.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2016/08/05/top-five-risks-for-employees-travelling-overseas.aspx [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017].